It is confusing terms and definitions on plant lists. Native or nonnative or introduced.
Noxious or toxic list.
Here are two examples of pretty flowers I took photos because nature photography is one of my hobbies. After taking Penn State courses on environmental and conservation in communities, I found that one of these pretty flowers have impact on wetland waterfowl habitat as invasive. growing along water edge’s crowding out other animals species.
The other which is a meadow plant a form of borage is noxious. Noxious to who? animal or wildlife. humans..
wikipedia defines as: USDA DEFINITION
A noxious weed, harmful weed or injurious weed is a weed that has been designated by an agricultural authority as one that is injurious to agricultural or horticultural crops, natural habitats or ecosystems, or humans or livestock. … Some noxious weeds are native.
.Lythrum salicaria, Purple loosestrife, a European perennial with a woody base that has escaped gardens and destroyed large areas of waterfowl habitat by dominating wetlands and excluding all other plant life. Source: https://www.dcnr.pa.gov/Conservation/WildPlants/InvasivePlants/InvasivePlantFactSheets/Pages/default.aspx
the USDA plant fact sheet, blueweed, has hairy thistles, livestock and liver disease in meadows. Likes low nutrient soils. Native to Europe.
common viper’s bugloss on usda as a noxious introduced list a borage photo courtesy of Betsy Nottingham
